Builds scientific reasoning through the practices of experimental design, measurement, and data interpretation. Surveys chemistry of life—atoms, bonding, water, pH, and buffers—and the structure–function of macromolecules. Explores cell structure, membranes and transport, and enzyme-driven metabolism and energy coupling. Introduces information flow from DNA to RNA to protein, inheritance fundamentals, and qualitative genetics. Connects homeostasis with introductory human physiology, and frames evolution and ecology, including energy flow and biogeochemical cycles. Emphasizes laboratory safety and technique, quantitative literacy, figure reading, and responsible conduct and bioethical considerations.