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Put these steps in a sensible order for planning a simple study to reduce confounding (from earliest to latest).

  • Implement the assignment procedure (e.g., randomize within blocks, counterbalance order, set up blinding)

  • Choose a control strategy (randomization, blinding, blocking, counterbalancing) that fits the situation and constraints

  • Check whether groups/orders look balanced and record the procedure in your methods section

  • List likely confounders (e.g., time of day, device type, baseline ability)

  • Define the treatment/conditions and the outcome you will measure

Course
Foundations of Biology
10 units43 lessons
Topics
BiologyBiochemistryCell BiologyMolecular BiologyGeneticsPhysiology
About this course

Builds scientific reasoning through the practices of experimental design, measurement, and data interpretation. Surveys chemistry of life—atoms, bonding, water, pH, and buffers—and the structure–function of macromolecules. Explores cell structure, membranes and transport, and enzyme-driven metabolism and energy coupling. Introduces information flow from DNA to RNA to protein, inheritance fundamentals, and qualitative genetics. Connects homeostasis with introductory human physiology, and frames evolution and ecology, including energy flow and biogeochemical cycles. Emphasizes laboratory safety and technique, quantitative literacy, figure reading, and responsible conduct and bioethical considerations.