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The electron transport chain resides in the ____ where multiple complexes are embedded within a tightly sealed barrier. During active respiration, protons (H+H^+) accumulate in the ____ as a gradient that later drives ATP synthase. Inside the organelle, mitochondrial DNA is found in the ____ together with numerous small ____ that enable local protein synthesis. The folds called ____ dramatically increase surface area for embedded proteins without inflating volume.

Course
Foundations of Human Biology
8 units36 lessons
Topics
BiologyHuman AnatomyHuman PhysiologyCell BiologyMolecular BiologyGenetics
About this course

This course builds a coherent framework for understanding human biology from molecules to organ systems. It develops scientific thinking and data literacy while covering cell structure and function, biomolecules, membranes and transport, enzymes and metabolism, and energy flow with ATP. It links tissues to organ-level physiology, emphasizing homeostasis, feedback, and core mechanisms in circulatory, respiratory, digestive, renal, nervous, endocrine, immune, musculoskeletal, integumentary, and reproductive systems, including gas exchange and circulation fundamentals. Foundations in Mendelian and molecular genetics, gene regulation and variation, and evolutionary principles are integrated with quantitative skills for rates, proportions, and graph interpretation.